AS-75
KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2405
KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2405 is a
panchromatic, negative aerial camera film with good contrast
for easier interpretation from negatives, high resolution, and
wide exposure latitude. Its extended red sensitivity permits
SAFELIGHT
Total darkness is required.
EXPOSURE
greater speed with the filters used for the reduction of
atmospheric-haze effects.
Aerial film speeds (ISO A or EAFS) should not be confused
with conventional film speeds which are designed for roll
and sheet films used in pictorial photography. The
The ESTAR Base provides flexibility, moisture
resistance, high tear resistance, and excellent dimensional
stability. This film has a thin, highly hardened, and
abrasion-resistant emulsion that permit high-temperature
rapid processing in modern continuous-processing
machines.
This film can be processed in the KODAK VERSAMAT
Film Processor, Model 11 or 1140, with KODAK
VERSAMAT 885 Chemicals, KODAK VERSAMAT
641 Chemicals, or KODAK VERSAMAT Chemicals,
Type A. KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC
Film 2405 can also be processed at normal temperatures in
conventional rewind equipment, such as the Gordon/Morse
M-10 Developing Outfit (Military Designator: B-5) using a
variety of Kodak black-and-white developers
characteristics of aerial scenes differ markedly from those of
ordinary pictorial or ground scenes because of the smaller
range in subject luminances, atmospheric haze conditions,
and other factors. Therefore, different film-speed parameters
are used to relate aerial-scene characteristics to practical
exposure recommendations. The KODAK Aerial Exposure
Computer, KODAK Publication AS-10 has been published
based on the aerial film speed criterion.
Nominal speed, daylight (no filter): EAFS or ISO A 400
Other suggested aerial film speeds for processing this film
in the KODAK VERSAMAT Film Processor, Models 11 or
1140, using VERSAMAT 885 Chemicals, 641 Chemicals
and Type A Chemicals can be found in the sensitometric data
tables.
APPLICATIONS
KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2405 is a
medium- to high-speed film for aerial mapping, charting, and
general aerial photography.
Note: The aerial film speeds given in this publication were
obtained by rounding the calculated values to the nearest
cube root of 2 step (equivalent to 1⁄3 stop).
Filters
BASE
3.9-mil (0.10 mm) ESTAR Base with a dyed-gel backing
KODAK PROFESSIONAL WRATTEN Gelatin Filter
No. 3
No. 8
No. 12
No. 15
No. 25
TOTAL FILM THICKNESS
Filter Factor
1.5
2
2
2.5
4
The nominal total thickness (unprocessed) of this film is
4.50 mils (0.114 mm). This includes emulsion—0.40 mil
(0.010 mm), base—3.9 mils (0.10 mm), and backing—
0.20 mil (0.005 mm).
Typical Camera Exposure
A typical exposure for this film is approximately 1⁄750
second at f⁄8. This exposure is based on a solar altitude of 40
degrees, a clear day, an aircraft altitude of 5,000 feet, and a
speed of ISO A 400, using a 2X antivignetting filter.
WEIGHT
Reciprocity Characteristics
The weight of 2405 Film (unprocessed), conditioned in
equilibrium with 50 percent relative humidity, is 0.035 lbs⁄ft2
(0.0159 kg/ft2).
No exposure or development time adjustments are required
for exposure times from 1⁄1,000 second to 1⁄10 second; at
1⁄10,000 second, increase the development time by 10
percent.
SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY
Panchromatic, with extended red sensitivity.
©Eastman Kodak Company, 2005
Replenishment Rates
Model 11, KODAK VERSAMAT 641 Chemicals
Basic developer and fixer replenishment rates, in millilitres
per square inch of film processed, vary depending upon the
type of chemicals used. The following rates apply to
processing in the VERSAMAT Processor, Models 11 and
1140.
85°F (29.5°C)
1 Developer Rack
2 Developer Racks
Machine
Speed
(fpm)
Average
Gamma
1.05
Average
Gamma
1.70
ISO A D-min
ISO A D-min
5
320
160
80
0.12
0.10
0.13
0.13
0.12
500
320
250
160
125
0.21
0.13
0.13
0.15
0.14
Basic Replenishment Rates (mL/in2)
KODAK VERSAMAT Chemicals
10
15
20
25
0.85
1.10
0.65
0.95
885
0.29
0.45
641
0.31
0.68
Type A
0.20
0.60
50
0.85
Developer
Fixer
0.50
32
0.80
0.34
Fixing: Adequate fixing is obtained at machine speeds up
to and including 10 feet per minute.
Processing Sequence (All Recommended
Chemicals)
Washing: To be determined.
Drying: Adequate drying is obtained at machine speeds
up to and including 12 feet per minute.
KODAK VERSAMAT Processor, Model 11
Processing No. of
Path
Temperature
Step
Racks
Length
Model 11, KODAK VERSAMAT Chemicals, Type A,
1.2 or 2.4 m
(4 or 8 ft)
85 ± 0.5°F
Develop*
1 or 2
90°F (32°C)
(29.5 ± 0.3°C)
1 Developer Rack
2 Developer Racks
Machine
Speed
(fpm)
3.6 m
(12 ft)
Fix
3
2
85°F (29.5°C), nominal
Average
Gamma
1.20
Average
Gamma
2.15
ISO A D-min
ISO A D-min
2.4 m
(8 ft)
2 to 6°F (1 to 3°C) below
developer temperature
Wash
Dry
5
400
160
80
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.09
500
320
250
160
0.13
0.11
0.10
0.10
2.4 m
(8 ft)
10
15
20
1.00
1.65
—
135 to 145°F (57 to 63°C)
0.85
1.20
*Use 90°F (32°C) for KODAK VERSAMAT Chemicals, Type A.
0.75
64
1.05
Fixing: Adequate fixing is obtained at machine speeds up
to and including 10 feet per minute.
Sensitometric Data
Model 11—KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Chemicals
Washing: To be determined.
85°F (29.5°C)
Drying: Adequate drying is obtained at machine speeds
up to and including 10 feet per minute.
1 Developer Rack
2 Developer Racks
Machine
Speed
(fpm)
Average
Gamma
1.25
Average
Gamma
—
ISO A D-min
ISO A D-min
Processing Sequence (All Recommended
Chemicals)
5
500
250
160
100
64
0.21
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.10
—
—
10
15
20
25
0.90
1.30
1.10
1.00
0.85
500
400
250
200
0.22
0.16
0.14
0.13
0.80
KODAK VERSAMAT Processor, Model 1140
0.70
Processing No. of
Path
Temperature
Step
Racks
Length
0.65
1.2 or 2.4 m
(4 or 8 ft)
99 or 104 ± 0.5°F
Fixing: Adequate fixing is obtained at machine speeds up
to and including 20 feet per minute.
Develop
1 or 2
(37 or 40 ± 0.3°C)
3.6 m
(12 ft)
99 or 104°F
(37 or 40°C), Nominal
Fix
3
2
Washing: LE-100 keeping quality is obtained at machine
speeds up to and including 10 feet per minute with one
developer rack and up to 5 feet per minute with two
developer racks. (LE = Life Expectancy)
2.4 m
(8 ft)
2 to 6°F (1 to 3°C) below
developer temperature
Wash
Dry
2.4 m
(8 ft)
Up to 149°F (65°C)
—
Drying: Adequate drying is obtained at machine speeds
up to and including 20 feet per minute.
KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2405 • AS-75
3
Sensitometric Data
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
The dimensional stability of aerial films is of particular
interest and importance in accurate mapping and in the
reproduction of maps.
Model 1140 -- KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Chemicals
1 Developer Rack
2 Developer Racks
Average
Gamma
Machine
Speed
(fpm)
Average
Dimensional stability is an all-inclusive term. In
photography, it applies to size changes caused by changes in
humidity and in temperature, and by processing and aging.
The absence of solvent in ESTAR Base is one of the reasons
why ESTAR Base films show excellent dimensional
stability. The dimensional properties of ESTAR Base may
vary slightly in different directions within a sheet; the
differences that may exist, however, are not always between
the length and width directions.
ISO A D-min
ISO A D-min
Gamma
99°F (37°C)
10
20
30
40
1.50
0.90
0.75
0.65
500
320
200
125
0.28
0.18
0.13
0.12
—
—
—
1.65
1.10
0.90
500
400
320
0.32
0.25
0.19
104°F (40°C)
10
20
30
40
1.60
0.85
0.80
0.75
500
0.34
0.20
0.16
0.15
—
—
—
—
—
—
320
250
200
Temporary Dimensional Changes
1.40
1.05
500
400
0.34
0.28
Thermal Coefficient of Linear Expansion:
0.001%
per degree F of change
per degree C of change
Model 1140 -- KODAK VERSAMAT 641 Chemicals
0.0018%
1 Developer Rack
2 Developer Racks
Average
Gamma
Machine
Speed
(fpm)
Average
Humidity Coefficient of Linear Expansion (Unprocessed):
0.002% per 1% change in relative humidity
ISO A D-min
ISO A D-min
Gamma
99°F (37°C)
Permanent Dimensional Changes
10
20
30
40
1.20
0.80
0.70
0.60
400
250
125
80
0.15
0.11
0.10
0.14
2.20
1.20
1.00
0.85
500
400
320
250
0.37
0.16
0.13
0.16
Processing Dimensional Change:
-0.03% to +0.01%
shrinkage to swell
104°F (40°C)
Aging Shrinkage of Processed Film:
1 week at 120°F (49°C), 20% RH
1 year at 78°F (25.5°C), 60% RH
10
20
30
40
1.50
0.90
0.70
0.60
500
0.20
0.12
0.10
0.14
—
—
—
0.03%
0.03%
320
160
100
1.55
1.10
0.95
500
400
320
0.24
0.16
0.18
Model 1140 -- KODAK VERSAMAT Chemicals,
Type A
This is not a primary processing recommendation, although
satisfactory results can be obtained at processor speeds up to
10 feet per minute. Refer to the processing conditions and
sensitometric data for the KODAK VERSAMAT Processor,
Model 11, above.
REWIND OR SPIRAL REEL PROCESSING
KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2405 yields
optimum results with modern, high-temperature,
continuous-processing machines. It can be processed in
rewind equipment or on spiral reels, although these methods
are not primary processing recommendations. Customers
wishing to use spiral reels or rewind equipment such as the
Gordon/Morse M-10 Developing Outfit (Military
Designator: B-5) may contact Aerial Systems for
information on exposure, processing chemicals, process
cycles, and general recommendations.
4
KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2405 • AS-75
SIZE DATA AND ORDERING
INFORMATION
CURVES
Spectral Sensitivity
Information on available sizes and minimum order
quantities of this film is available on the web at
Aerial Imaging
3.0
2.0
1.0
Exposure: 1.4 seconds
Process: Recommended
Densitometry: Diffuse visual
D = 0.3 above gross fog
Eastman Kodak Company
343 State Street
Rochester, New York 14650-0505
(585) 724-4688
D = 1.0 above gross fog
Toll-free in the US: (877) 909-4280
0.0
Note: The Kodak materials described in this publication
used with KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film
2405 are available from those dealers normally supplying
Kodak products. Other materials may be used, but equivalent
results may not be obtained.
1.0
250
350
550
450
Wavelength (nm)
650
750
Characteristic Curves
4.0
3.0
Exposure: Daylight 1/100 sec
Process: KODAK
V
ERSAMAT 885 Chemicals;
K
ODAK ERSAMAT Film Processor, Model 11;
V
2 developer racks; 85°F (29.5°
C)
Densitometry: Diffuse visual
2.0
1.0
0.0
10 fpm
15 fpm
20 fpm
25 fpm
–3
–4
-2
-1
0
Log Exposure (lux seconds)
KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2405 • AS-75
5
KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2405
ISO A vs. Gamma
ISO A vs. Machine Speed
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1000
100
KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Chemicals,
KODAK VERSAMAT Film Processor,
Model 11, 85F (29.5C)
885 Chemicals
Type A Chemicals
Exposure: Daylight 1/100 sec
Process: KODAK ERSAMAT Film Processor, Model 11;
ODAK ERSAMAT 885 Chemicals;
ODAK ERSAMAT 641 Chemicals;
1 and 2 developer racks; 85 F (29.5 C)
ODAK ERSAMAT Chemicals, Type A;
1 and 2 developer racks; 90
V
641 Chemicals
K
K
V
V
°
°
1 developer rack
2 developer racks
K
V
°
°
C)
F (32
10
1
2
0
3
GAMMA
0
10
20
30
40
50
F002_1107AC
Machine Speed (fpm)
Gamma vs. Machine Speed
Modulation Transfer Function
4
KODAK VERSAMAT Film Processor,
MODEL 11, 85F (29.5C)
KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Chemicals
200
100
1 developer rack
2 developer racks
3
2
70
50
30
20
10
7
5
1
KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Chemicals
KODAK VERSAMAT Film Processor,
2 racks, 85F (29.5C), 10 fpm; Diffuse visual
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4 5
10
20
50
100 200
600
0
10
20
30
40
50
SPATIAL FREQUENCY (cycles/mm)
F002_1115AC
Machine Speed (fpm)
F002_1096AC
NOTICE: While the sensitometric data in this publication are typical of production coatings, they do not represent
standards which must be met by Kodak. Varying storage, exposure, and processing conditions will affect results.
The company reserves the right to change and improve product characteristics at any time.
Aerial Imaging
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY • ROCHESTER, NY 14650-0505
KODAK DOUBLE-X
Kodak, Aerographic, Double-X, Estar, Versamat, and Wratten are trademarks
Revised 11-05
AEROGRAPHIC Film 2405
KODAK Publication No. AS-75
Printed in U.S.A.
TI 0912
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